Super Volcanoes informative paper free essay sample

What f I revealed to you that something like the spring of gushing lava that is thought to have executed everything except 15. 000 individuals from the human populace 74,000 years prior is underneath the US. as I talk? Fortunate for us all people, we may need to confront another fountain of liquid magma like this soon, since there is a verifiably ruinous one in Yellowstone National Park. The spring of gushing lava that perhaps killed a lion's share of the human species and the fountain of liquid magma that as of now lives In Yellowstone are both an uncommon sort of spring of gushing lava called d super well of lava, which you will be Informed about today. A super spring of gushing lava is characterized as a well of lava equipped for heaving more the 1000 km3 of debris, pumice, or magma when it ejects. - as indicated by the US topographical review, Volcano emissions are estimated utilizing a unit called the VEI. To be definite the VEI is utilized to speak to the hazardousness, measure of material launched out, and stature of section from a fountain of liquid magma. We will compose a custom paper test on Super Volcanoes instructive paper or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page To be a super spring of gushing lava, a well of lava must have a VEI of 8. A fountain of liquid magma with this much force doesnt typically look Ilke a normal spring of gushing lava. Rather than a cone shape, the magma In a super fountain of liquid magma lives underneath the earth and the spring of gushing lava takes after an arge hole with a slight lump in the middle. This enormous hole around the inside ot the spring of gushing lava is a caldera. A caldera is an enormous bowl molded volcanic despondency coming about because of the blast of a focal point of a fountain of liquid magma. At the point when a super fountain of liquid magma ejects, a couple of things happern First, a magma pool must frame underground. The magma ascends to the earths hull however can't get through, causing pressure. At the point when the weight turns out to be excessively incredible, the outside blasts, permitting the magma to get away. The territory where the magma lived turns into the caldera. There are in excess of 1900 dynamic volcanoes on the planet today as indicated by After erupuons Ilke this previously, the world has been tossed into a condition of worldwide cooling, similar to the ice-age. This is a fountain of liquid magma with the possibility to clear out a decent segment of mankind. In any case, researchers guarantee us that we don't have anything to stress over. They screen action at Yellowstone. also, have discovered no proof to recommend that there will be another ejection sooner rather than later. Regardless of whether Yellowstone erupted soon, theres no assurance that it would be on Of2 70,000 years back, as indicated by the US topographical Survey. In synopsis, a Super fountain of liquid magma is a well of lava equipped for radiating more the 1000 km3 of debris, pumice, or magma when it ejects, and having a rating higher than VEI 8. A super fountain of liquid magma is portrayed by a caldera coming about because of past ejections. The most generally realized super well of lava is in Yellowstone National Park, and has had 3 huge, huge emissions in the previous 2 million years. At some point, it will emit with the size of past ejections once more, and it will be wrecking. Everything we can do is watch the spring of gushing lava and perhaps have an admonition when it changes life as we probably am aware it.

To what extent can prepardness and planning mitigate the effects of volcanic hazards free essay sample

A volcanic risk is a circumstance that represents a danger to life, the earth, and framework after a volcanic ejection. Volcanoes are shaped at different plate limits, for example, at mid maritime edges where plates are moving separated, for instance at the Mid Atlantic edge. They likewise happen on or close to subduction zones. The ‘ring of fire’ will in general be the place the most vicious volcanic action happens. The size of decimation a well of lava has is intensely dependant on whether the emission happens in a MEDC or a LEDC and the manner by which these country’s get ready and plan for the chance of a volcanic ejection. Moreover, numerous human and physical components can add with the impacts the volcanic emission has on a zone. Arranging and getting ready for volcanic emissions successfully can diminish the effects they have on a zone altogether. The Education of nearby individuals about volcanic emissions can lessen the impacts of a well of lava generously. On the off chance that one is instructed about various angles about getting ready and making arrangements for ejections they are bound to clear the zone faster. For instance, In Montserrat the ranchers were not taught about the impacts that the spring of gushing lava would have, and in this way overlooked the various admonition signs, as they didn't have the instruction that maybe, an increasingly evolved nation may have. The emission of Mount Etna ejection in 1991 shows how powerful arrangement and arranging can effectsly affect a volcano’s risks. Mount Etna is Europe’s most elevated and most dynamic spring of gushing lava, while being seen as one of the universes best oversaw. Earlier the 1991 ejection of Mount Etna, gigantic hindrances had been set up on the inclines of the fountain of liquid magma. This was not a perpetual arrangement but rather to defer the beginning so that of the emissions different strategies could be acquired. Helicopters dropped solid squares through the highest points of the spring of gushing lava on the to hinder a few vents so as to divert the magma stream. Mount Etna is currently fixed with numerous sensors to recognize any indication of an ejection with a blend of attractive, seismic and video sensors connected to an observing station, sending a book at any notice that an emission may happen. This is cautioning framework is vital as Mount Etna is on rich prolific ground, where 25% of Sicily’s populace live. Because of the fountain of liquid magma type that mount Etna is (composite layers), when ejections occur, the magma is effortlessly overseen, despite the fact that it can travel enormous separations. Magma bombs and pyroclastic streams are not an extraordinary danger when the spring of gushing lava emits. With everything taken into account, the strategies of arranging and readiness preceding the emission of Mount Etna in 1991 alleviated the impacts of the volcanic dangers by a huge sum as appeared by the little harm the ejection did to the encompassing region. In any case, the impacts of the emission in Montserrat were pulverizing in contrast with Mount Etna, because of the absence of arrangement the ejection had. The main ejection in Montserrat in 1995 was totally spontaneous and arranged for. The well of lava had been torpid for over 300 years thus the emission came as a total astonishment. The Montserrat Volcano Observatory was perceived not long after the principal ejection of the Soufriere Hills Volcano on July eighteenth 1995. The stations are situated around the spring of gushing lava and recognize the ground developments brought about by nearby seismic tremors and vault breakdown. Sporadically, huge seismic tremors outside Montserrat are likewise recorded. The seismic signs are checked 24 hours every day at the Observatory. The second emission on 25 June 1997 influenced Montserrat in various manners, despite the fact that the spring of gushing lava observatory had been set up. This could be because of Montserrat being a LEDC, and along these lines it can't bear to execute costly ejection discovery innovation. Prohibition zones, be that as it may, were set up to guarantee that insignificant measure of harm would be done, after the ejection. The ejection impactsly affected the earth; the principle part of the emission causing the most obliterating impacts was the pyroclastic stream (hot debris, shakes and gas), which alone murdered around 19 neighborhood individuals. Following the ejection, a sum of at any rate 4 square kilometers of land was secured by the stores from the pyroclastic streams and floods The fine grained pyroclastic floods broke and leveled trees. In certain regions there was no vegetation left by any stretch of the imagination, vegetable beds were exposed of plants and the dirt was very hard. The absence of arranging and readiness the emission effectsly affected the neighborhood individuals also. The volcanic ejection pulverized between 100 - 150 houses. The houses were covered by flotsam and jetsam from the pyroclastic stream, consumed by the hot pyroclastic floods, or set land by the extreme warmth in the environment. The greater part of the houses annihilated were in the Exclusion Zone and ought to have been unfilled however an expected 15 individuals were living and dozing in the Exclusion Zone. It very well may be contended in any case, that the primary driver of the impacts of the emission were unavoidable, the pyroclastic stream, as one can never be set up for the size of the ejection a spring of gushing lava may have. Obviously, from the two contextual analyses, that arranging and readiness can moderate the impacts of volcanic risks somewhat, appeared by the manner by which the emissions Sicily and in Montserrat were made arrangements for and the impacts of both volcanic ejections. In any case, there are numerous different components that can impact the impacts of an ejection, for example, spring of gushing lava type, length of emission, and different impacts of which no nation can plan absolutely for.

While You are Waiting . . . COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

While You are Waiting . . . COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I know it is a lot of working applying to graduate school and once you submit everything you probably want to just sit back and await your admission decision.   While I can understand this tendency, my highest recommendation is that each applicant dedicate time to researching ways to help pay for school. I have provided some resources on the blog before and NASPAA also has a financial aid page that you might find beneficial.   As I find out about more opportunities I will post them.   Last spring I found out about a $22,500 scholarship, I posted it on the blog and an admitted SIPA student applied for and received the award.   Stories like that one make me feel warm and fuzzy.

“What You Eat Is Your Business” reflection - 1000 Words

â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business† reflection The common thought of most Americans living in the United States that it is the greatest country on planet earth, and second is not even close. They believe this notion because of the freedoms this great nation was founded on: The freedom of religion, the freedom of speech, the freedom of assembly. These freedoms turn into more simplistic generalities that are assumed and exercised by Americans daily, such as the freedom of choice. Although the freedom of choice is a right given to us at birth, it is a right that the federal government of the greatest nation on earth is slowly starting to rescind. Lets take health care for example, or most specifically, obesity. Law makers are slowing starting to†¦show more content†¦I would go to school, come home, eat, and play my video games. I constantly ate McDonalds and other junk foods. I never thought the problem was me, when indeed it was. It was easy for me to blame someone or something else. It was McDonalds fault for making their food so unhealthy, it was the governments fault for not regulating the industry and so on and so forth. Even if those outlets were to blame, I was the only one that could fix the problem, and it is that understanding that turned my life around. Heading into senior year of high school, I was pushing 280 pounds. Now I am down to 225 pounds, and still ticking down. You see, all these regulations did not help me lose my weight and change the man I am, it was me. I had to engage in the concept that I would be the only person that could fix the problem, and when I accepted that fact, my life did a 180 degree turn. Many share the same problems I once experienced, and it is these problems that force them to seek out scapegoats. These people have gone to politicians to try to get the issues resolved. President Bush jumped on board for this movement, and signed on a 200 million dollar bill to implement anti-obesity measures (396). 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Military Lessons Learned - 729 Words

Military Lessons Learned Based on what I have learned from cooperative work in a mission-driven organization, I consider myself to be a strategic thinker, as opposed to a tactical planner or a logistician. All of those are important, and it is possible to have traits of more than one of them. Most people gravitate toward one or the other, however, and I have focused on strategic thinking because it is what I do best. I have determined that I am a strategic thinker based on the way I handle my daily life and the work that I do. Strategic thinkers focus on the overall picture and how they can handle things in the future. They are willing to consider all angles and aspects, and they focus themselves strongly on the mission at hand (Leet, 1998; Rohrer, Vaughn, Westermann, 1999). By being a strategic thinker, I can be highly valuable to my team in any and every mission, and I can work well with tactical planners and logisticians because we all have strengths upon which we can build. 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Index Methodology of Dse Free Essays

string(40) " will be allowed during VECTOR session\." A stock market index is a number that indicates the relative level of prices or value of securities in a market on a particular day compared with a base-day figure, which is usually 100 or 1000. There are many different ways of constructing an index. One of the most common methods is illustrated by the following simple example. We will write a custom essay sample on Index Methodology of Dse or any similar topic only for you Order Now The values of a market portfolio at the close of trading on Day 1 and Day 2 are recorded below: | |Value of portfolio |Index | |DAY1 |Tk 20,000 |1000 | |(base day) | | | |Day 2 |Tk 30,000 |1500 | We take Day 1 as the base day. The index on that day will be taken as a standard.The value assigned to the base day index is 1000 in this example. On Day 2 the value of the portfolio has changed from Tk 20,000 to Tk 30,000, a 50% increase. Therefore, the value of the index on Day 2 will change to indicate a corresponding 50% increase in market value. The computation follows the procedure below: Day 2’s portfolio value Day 2’s index = ————————— * Base Day’s index Base Day’s portfolio value Tk 30,000 = ———– * 1000 Tk 20,000 =1500Day 2’s index is 1500 as compared to the 1000 of day 1. The above illustration only serves as an introduction to how a particular index is constructed. The daily computation of an index is more involved especially when there are changes in market capitalization of constituent stocks, e. g. , rights offers, stock dividend etc. The primary objective of constructing market indices is to measure the performance of the market. The indices provide vital information about the current and historical behavior of the market.Index Calculation Algorithm (according to IOSCO Index Methodology): Yesterday’s Closing Index X Current M. Cap Current Index = ————————————————————–   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opening M. Cap Yesterday’s Closing Index X Closing M. Cap Closing Index = ————————————————————–   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opening M. Cap Current M. Cap = ? ( LTP X Total no. of indexed shares ) Closing M. Cap = ? ( CP X Total no. of indexed shares ) Abbreviations and Acronyms M.Cap   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Market Capitalization DSE      Ã‚   – Dhaka Stock Exchange IOSCO – International Organization of Securities Exchange Commissions (IOSCO) LTP   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Last Traded Price CP   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Closing Price DSE Share Price Index: |Sl. No |Index Name |Base Index |Remarks | |1 |DSI (all shares) |350 (as on 01-11-1993) |   | |2 |DGEN |817. 3704 (as on 24-11-2001) |SEC directive regarding index was on | | |(A, B, G ; N) | |17-11-2001 | |3 |DS20 |1000 (as on 01-01-2001) |   | DSE introduced the DSE-20 index from January 1, 2001 comprising the blue-chip shares with a base index of 1000 as on January 1, 2000. Since then, the index has been revised on two occasions, once in 2002 and later in 2004.The companies which are placed under the index currently are Square Pharmaceuticals, Islami Bank Bangladesh, Prime Bank, British American Tobacco, Beximco Pharmaceuticals, Southeast Bank, Dhaka Bank, National Bank, Square Textiles, Bata Shoe, BOC Bangladesh, Singer Bangladesh, ACI Ltd, Uttara Finance, Meghna Cement, Bangladesh Lamps, AMCL (Pran), Monno Ceramic, Apex Tannery and GQ Ball Pen. Apart from DSE-20, the prime bourse of the country has two other indices namely DSE general index or DGEN and all share price index or DSI.The benchmark index-DGEN- excludes companies of Z-category and is calculated on the basis of price movement of individual stocks. On the other hand, DSI includes all securities and is calculated on the basis of price movement of individual stocks. DSE-25, the revised index of the blue-chip shares of Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) was launched on trial basis on July 19 2010. DSE -25 reflected the price movement of the top companies in a more accurate way. The DSE-25 included new companies from IT, insurance and service sectors for the first time since the inception of DSE-20 from January 2001.Meanwhile, DSE had also completed sector-wise index comprising 16 sectors. The sectors are bank, investment, fuel ; power, food, engineering, cement, insurance, IT, jute, paper ; printing, ceramic, tannery, pharmaceutical, textile, service ; real estate and miscellaneous. The new criteria of DSE-25 index are earning per share, minimum market capitalisation worth Tk 200 million, retaining minimum 30 per cent shares in public hand, minimum payment of 10 per cent dividend for the last three consecutive years and 95 per cent trading days in the last six months.Good corporate governance, regular holding of annual general meetings and sectoral representation are the other key qualifications for becoming eligible for inclusion in the index. CSE share price index: A good market representative index should involve: †¢ Scientific calculation formulas with clear adjustment procedure †¢ Logical scrip selection criteria †¢ Distinct base date †¢ Meaningful base value The only index the CSE has been maintaining since 10th October 1995 is a ALL SHARE PRICE INDEX using Chained Paasche method.It faces question of clarity. This index was subject to unusual ups and downs and without a distinct base value. Therefore in need of a clean slate CSE finds the date 1 January 2000 is the best date to start new Indices: An All Share Price Index with new formula and base date 30th December 1999 (the last day of the year) and new base index of thousand (to mark the millenium) will replace the existing one and A completely new Selective Index incorporating 30 scrips with base date 30th December 1999 and base index 1000.We have studied index of a number of bourses and found that the Laspayers Method to calculate index is regarded as the most transparent and scientific method. The method is described below in this write-up. The following conditions will be followed while calculating the All Share Price Index: †¢ All Share Price Index does not necessarily mean that all the listed stocks should be considered for calculating the index. Inactive stocks not being traded for consecutive six months will not be conside red in the calculation. †¢ Only the active scrips will be considered for calculating the index. Mutual Funds and Debt securities will not be considered in calculating index. †¢ A newly listed scrip will be included in the index after five consecutive trading days. †¢ Only normal trades should be considered in calculating index. †¢ All share price index will be calculated only once in a day – after the trading hour in the on line system. †¢ No changes in number of shares will be allowed during VECTOR session. You read "Index Methodology of Dse" in category "Papers" †¢ Index committee will review the index – its criteria, performance, calculation method after every six month. †¢ Index Base Date is 30th December 1999 †¢ Base Day index 1000 †¢ CSE selective index (cse – 30)At the beginning of new millennium a selective Index will be introduced, which is found to be very popular in almost all the developed exchanges worldwide. Here the selection criteria play a very important role in forming an index. Criteria for a Selective Index: It provides a discussion about the important criterion for an index, which is to be used as a benchmark of performance. The criterion is that the movement of the index fully represents the aggregate movement of the index’s constituent assets and that the index’s returns are realizable by an investor who has held a portfolio identical to the asset mix of the index.Value-Weighted Index satisfies the above criterion. Selection of stocks for the benchmark index should be such that it represents the whole market. In addition it will be guaranteed that the constituent stocks have high percentage coverage of the market in terms of market value. This will make it difficult if not possible for a few investors to manipulate the movement of the index. Criteria for cse-30 index: (After revision in the Listing ; Index Committee Meeting held on 28th Apr 2009) Two layer methods are followed for selection of listed companies in the CSE-30 Index.In the first layer method, basic criteria are considered for primary selection. Basic criteria: Must be listed with the Chittagong Stock Exchange Limited. 2. In case of IPO/New Issue, this should be on listing either with DSE or CSE for a minimum period of 2 years or remained in Commercial Production in Bangladesh for the minimum same period prior to its listing. 3. Companies that did not hold their Annual General Meetings regularly will not be considered. 4. Minimum market capitalization must be Tk. 200 million and at least two times of paid-up capital. . Must have at least 20% free floating share capital. Free floating share capital shall mean the share capital which will exclude Govt’s holding (other than ICB), Sponsors/Directors ; their Associates’ holding plus other locked-in portions. 6. Must have positive revenue reserve/ retained earnings. 7. Must be traded for at least 50% trading days of the six monthly review period. 8. Paid dividend in any of the last 2 years. 9. Company having negative Earning Per Share (EPS) for last two consecutive years will not be considered. On being qualified on the basis of the Basic Criteria, the companies are required to meet the following further Selection Criteria to have the final berth in CSE-30 Index. Selection criteria: 1. Higher Net Assets Value (NAV) per share 2. Higher rate of Earning Per Share (EPS) 3. Higher rate of Dividend 4. Lower Price Earning (PE) Ratio 5. Higher Dividend Yield (DY) 6. Higher rate of free floating in equity 7. Larger number of shareholders 8. Higher liquidity in terms of trading day 9. Higher liquidity in terms of number of contract 10. Longer duration of continuous remaining in the CSE-30 Index 11.Regular payment of listing fees CSE Selective Categories Index – CSCX Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE) launched a new index named CSCX (CSE Selective Categories’ Index) comprised A, B G category companies from 14th February 2004 to replace the earlier CSE Trade Volume Weighted Index. The Base Date of this index is 15th April 2001 (when A, B Z category were introduced) and Base Value is set to 1000. The new index includes all but not the Z category companies. This also excludes the companies/scrips which are debt securities, mutual funds, suspended for indifinte period and non-traded for preceding six months of review meeting.The index will be reviewed in the Index Committee Meeting after every six months like other two indices of CSE. This index will be disseminated on line to all the Brokers’ Work Stations (BWSs) during trading sessions and after every three minutes the index value will be refreshed. The construction principle of this index based on Laspeyres method like other two CSE indices, CSE All Share Price Index and CSE-30 Index. It may be mentioned here that the base value of these two indices was also set to 1000 with a base date 30th December 1999. The current values (as on 11th Feruary 2004) of CSE All Share Price Index and CSE-30 Index are 1601. 4 and 1483. 60 respectively. IDLC Index While selecting the stocks to include in IDLC-50, a number of factors are considered: financial health of the company, regular trading in the market, investment risk, amount of investable shares, number of outstanding shares, price sensitiveness, price risk etc. IDLC-50 follows globally accepted methodology to include or exclude any stock in the index. As a result, IDLC-50 always represents fundamentally strong companies. This index is constructed following â€Å"Float Adjusted IV|arket Capitalization Weighted† methodology.This methodology is used for the first time to generate a capital market index in Bangladesh. (more on this below) The performance of a stock market is affected by the price movement of the publicly traded shares (floated shares), rather than all outstanding shares. In our capital market, float is an important factor; because for many listed companies, a small portion of shares is publicly traded. So, to accurately measure the performance of the market segment comprising the selected 50 stocks, it is necessary to perform the index calculation by adjusting the number of publicly traded shares.This is called float adjustment. IDLC-50 is float-adjusted, and thus can represent the market more accurately. IDLC-50 will track the performance of 50 stocks traded in DSE and CSE. Existing indexes include either too many or too few shares. IDLC-50 contains an optimum number of shares and incorporates the most relevant set of information required by rational investors. By containing appropriate number of liquid shares, IDLC-50 can be used to measure performance of professionally managed portfolios including mutual funds, discretionary portfolio accounts etc.Active investment in stock markets may not be advisable or feasible for individuals with lower investable wealth and risk tolerance. IDLC-50 may be used by individuals as an indicative tool for pursuing index-based investment strategy. In future, Mutual Funds, Index Futures, Exchange Traded Funds can be launched based on this index. Such instruments are widely used in major stock markets of the world. IDLC-50 can be a reliable performance indicator for the listed companies. The listed companies would be able to compare their financial health with the help of IDLC-50.One of the most challenging jobs for an accurate index is to maintain consistency. For IDLC-50, we follow standard practices of globally accepted indexes for proper adjustment. It ensures that replacement of stocks in Index, additional issue of capital etc. do not destroy the historical value of the index. An index committee has been formed to conduct and monitor the overall operations of the index. The IDLC-50 Index Committee comprises capital market experts, fund managers market participants and senior officials from IDLC and Alif Assets. The index committee will perform the following core responsibilities: Selecting stocks based on fundamental characteristics, monitoring index operation activity, reviewing the methodology and of the index. IDLC-50 follows internationally accepted methodologies recognized indexes. are selected based on the following indicators. o Public Float (Public portion of outstanding share) o Market Capitalization o Liquidity/Turnover o Sector representation o Price to Earning o A and N category o Average Market Risk (Standard deviation) etc. and is generated by algorithm of globally The following formula is applied to calculate the value of IDLC-50: Market Capitalization Today/ Market capitalization on base date) X Base Index value While calculating the market capitalization, IDLC-50 considers the public-traded portion of the outstanding shares. Stock market indices differ from one another basically in their sampling and/or weighting methods Sampling method: There are some market indices that a re composed of all stocks listed in a market, e. g. , the American Stock Market Index and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange All-Ordinaries Index. In general, an index based on a larger percentage of the total number of listed stocks will be more representative that one based on a smaller percentage.Although an index that consists of all listed stocks can be considered as more representative, a number of stocks may have very few transactions, the quoted price of these stocks may not reflect their true market value. An index may still be highly representative even if it consists of only a relatively small percentage of the total number of stocks. Here, the sample selection process plays an important role. Most of well-known stock market indices of the major stock markets in developed countries are still considered as highly representative since their constituent stocks comprise a high percentage of total value of the market.For example, the Hang Seng Index (Hong Kong) is composed of 33 constituent stocks comprising approximately 70% of tota l value. FOX index (Finland) is composed of 25 most traded shares which is correspond to roughly 80% of the total market value and ATX 50 (Australia) comprises 84% of the capitalization and 97% of the turnover of all Australian stocks. Weighting method: Value-weighted method may be considered as a most appropriate method than others. For a value-weighted index, the weight of each constituent stock is proportional to its market share in terms of capitalization.We can assume that the amount of money invested in each of the constituent stocks is proportional to its percentage of the total value of all constituent stocks. Examples include all major stock market indices of Hong Kong, London and many others. ———————– ASSIGNMENT ON Done By: Minakshi Chakraborty Id No. 55 BBA, 13th Batch Department of Banking University of Dhaka Done For: Mr. Hasibul Alam Chawdhory Lecturer Department of Banking University of Dhaka STOCK MARKET INDEX How to cite Index Methodology of Dse, Papers

Index Methodology of Dse Free Essays

string(40) " will be allowed during VECTOR session\." A stock market index is a number that indicates the relative level of prices or value of securities in a market on a particular day compared with a base-day figure, which is usually 100 or 1000. There are many different ways of constructing an index. One of the most common methods is illustrated by the following simple example. We will write a custom essay sample on Index Methodology of Dse or any similar topic only for you Order Now The values of a market portfolio at the close of trading on Day 1 and Day 2 are recorded below: | |Value of portfolio |Index | |DAY1 |Tk 20,000 |1000 | |(base day) | | | |Day 2 |Tk 30,000 |1500 | We take Day 1 as the base day. The index on that day will be taken as a standard.The value assigned to the base day index is 1000 in this example. On Day 2 the value of the portfolio has changed from Tk 20,000 to Tk 30,000, a 50% increase. Therefore, the value of the index on Day 2 will change to indicate a corresponding 50% increase in market value. The computation follows the procedure below: Day 2’s portfolio value Day 2’s index = ————————— * Base Day’s index Base Day’s portfolio value Tk 30,000 = ———– * 1000 Tk 20,000 =1500Day 2’s index is 1500 as compared to the 1000 of day 1. The above illustration only serves as an introduction to how a particular index is constructed. The daily computation of an index is more involved especially when there are changes in market capitalization of constituent stocks, e. g. , rights offers, stock dividend etc. The primary objective of constructing market indices is to measure the performance of the market. The indices provide vital information about the current and historical behavior of the market.Index Calculation Algorithm (according to IOSCO Index Methodology): Yesterday’s Closing Index X Current M. Cap Current Index = ————————————————————–   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opening M. Cap Yesterday’s Closing Index X Closing M. Cap Closing Index = ————————————————————–   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opening M. Cap Current M. Cap = ? ( LTP X Total no. of indexed shares ) Closing M. Cap = ? ( CP X Total no. of indexed shares ) Abbreviations and Acronyms M.Cap   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Market Capitalization DSE      Ã‚   – Dhaka Stock Exchange IOSCO – International Organization of Securities Exchange Commissions (IOSCO) LTP   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Last Traded Price CP   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Closing Price DSE Share Price Index: |Sl. No |Index Name |Base Index |Remarks | |1 |DSI (all shares) |350 (as on 01-11-1993) |   | |2 |DGEN |817. 3704 (as on 24-11-2001) |SEC directive regarding index was on | | |(A, B, G ; N) | |17-11-2001 | |3 |DS20 |1000 (as on 01-01-2001) |   | DSE introduced the DSE-20 index from January 1, 2001 comprising the blue-chip shares with a base index of 1000 as on January 1, 2000. Since then, the index has been revised on two occasions, once in 2002 and later in 2004.The companies which are placed under the index currently are Square Pharmaceuticals, Islami Bank Bangladesh, Prime Bank, British American Tobacco, Beximco Pharmaceuticals, Southeast Bank, Dhaka Bank, National Bank, Square Textiles, Bata Shoe, BOC Bangladesh, Singer Bangladesh, ACI Ltd, Uttara Finance, Meghna Cement, Bangladesh Lamps, AMCL (Pran), Monno Ceramic, Apex Tannery and GQ Ball Pen. Apart from DSE-20, the prime bourse of the country has two other indices namely DSE general index or DGEN and all share price index or DSI.The benchmark index-DGEN- excludes companies of Z-category and is calculated on the basis of price movement of individual stocks. On the other hand, DSI includes all securities and is calculated on the basis of price movement of individual stocks. DSE-25, the revised index of the blue-chip shares of Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) was launched on trial basis on July 19 2010. DSE -25 reflected the price movement of the top companies in a more accurate way. The DSE-25 included new companies from IT, insurance and service sectors for the first time since the inception of DSE-20 from January 2001.Meanwhile, DSE had also completed sector-wise index comprising 16 sectors. The sectors are bank, investment, fuel ; power, food, engineering, cement, insurance, IT, jute, paper ; printing, ceramic, tannery, pharmaceutical, textile, service ; real estate and miscellaneous. The new criteria of DSE-25 index are earning per share, minimum market capitalisation worth Tk 200 million, retaining minimum 30 per cent shares in public hand, minimum payment of 10 per cent dividend for the last three consecutive years and 95 per cent trading days in the last six months.Good corporate governance, regular holding of annual general meetings and sectoral representation are the other key qualifications for becoming eligible for inclusion in the index. CSE share price index: A good market representative index should involve: †¢ Scientific calculation formulas with clear adjustment procedure †¢ Logical scrip selection criteria †¢ Distinct base date †¢ Meaningful base value The only index the CSE has been maintaining since 10th October 1995 is a ALL SHARE PRICE INDEX using Chained Paasche method.It faces question of clarity. This index was subject to unusual ups and downs and without a distinct base value. Therefore in need of a clean slate CSE finds the date 1 January 2000 is the best date to start new Indices: An All Share Price Index with new formula and base date 30th December 1999 (the last day of the year) and new base index of thousand (to mark the millenium) will replace the existing one and A completely new Selective Index incorporating 30 scrips with base date 30th December 1999 and base index 1000.We have studied index of a number of bourses and found that the Laspayers Method to calculate index is regarded as the most transparent and scientific method. The method is described below in this write-up. The following conditions will be followed while calculating the All Share Price Index: †¢ All Share Price Index does not necessarily mean that all the listed stocks should be considered for calculating the index. Inactive stocks not being traded for consecutive six months will not be conside red in the calculation. †¢ Only the active scrips will be considered for calculating the index. Mutual Funds and Debt securities will not be considered in calculating index. †¢ A newly listed scrip will be included in the index after five consecutive trading days. †¢ Only normal trades should be considered in calculating index. †¢ All share price index will be calculated only once in a day – after the trading hour in the on line system. †¢ No changes in number of shares will be allowed during VECTOR session. You read "Index Methodology of Dse" in category "Papers" †¢ Index committee will review the index – its criteria, performance, calculation method after every six month. †¢ Index Base Date is 30th December 1999 †¢ Base Day index 1000 †¢ CSE selective index (cse – 30)At the beginning of new millennium a selective Index will be introduced, which is found to be very popular in almost all the developed exchanges worldwide. Here the selection criteria play a very important role in forming an index. Criteria for a Selective Index: It provides a discussion about the important criterion for an index, which is to be used as a benchmark of performance. The criterion is that the movement of the index fully represents the aggregate movement of the index’s constituent assets and that the index’s returns are realizable by an investor who has held a portfolio identical to the asset mix of the index.Value-Weighted Index satisfies the above criterion. Selection of stocks for the benchmark index should be such that it represents the whole market. In addition it will be guaranteed that the constituent stocks have high percentage coverage of the market in terms of market value. This will make it difficult if not possible for a few investors to manipulate the movement of the index. Criteria for cse-30 index: (After revision in the Listing ; Index Committee Meeting held on 28th Apr 2009) Two layer methods are followed for selection of listed companies in the CSE-30 Index.In the first layer method, basic criteria are considered for primary selection. Basic criteria: Must be listed with the Chittagong Stock Exchange Limited. 2. In case of IPO/New Issue, this should be on listing either with DSE or CSE for a minimum period of 2 years or remained in Commercial Production in Bangladesh for the minimum same period prior to its listing. 3. Companies that did not hold their Annual General Meetings regularly will not be considered. 4. Minimum market capitalization must be Tk. 200 million and at least two times of paid-up capital. . Must have at least 20% free floating share capital. Free floating share capital shall mean the share capital which will exclude Govt’s holding (other than ICB), Sponsors/Directors ; their Associates’ holding plus other locked-in portions. 6. Must have positive revenue reserve/ retained earnings. 7. Must be traded for at least 50% trading days of the six monthly review period. 8. Paid dividend in any of the last 2 years. 9. Company having negative Earning Per Share (EPS) for last two consecutive years will not be considered. On being qualified on the basis of the Basic Criteria, the companies are required to meet the following further Selection Criteria to have the final berth in CSE-30 Index. Selection criteria: 1. Higher Net Assets Value (NAV) per share 2. Higher rate of Earning Per Share (EPS) 3. Higher rate of Dividend 4. Lower Price Earning (PE) Ratio 5. Higher Dividend Yield (DY) 6. Higher rate of free floating in equity 7. Larger number of shareholders 8. Higher liquidity in terms of trading day 9. Higher liquidity in terms of number of contract 10. Longer duration of continuous remaining in the CSE-30 Index 11.Regular payment of listing fees CSE Selective Categories Index – CSCX Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE) launched a new index named CSCX (CSE Selective Categories’ Index) comprised A, B G category companies from 14th February 2004 to replace the earlier CSE Trade Volume Weighted Index. The Base Date of this index is 15th April 2001 (when A, B Z category were introduced) and Base Value is set to 1000. The new index includes all but not the Z category companies. This also excludes the companies/scrips which are debt securities, mutual funds, suspended for indifinte period and non-traded for preceding six months of review meeting.The index will be reviewed in the Index Committee Meeting after every six months like other two indices of CSE. This index will be disseminated on line to all the Brokers’ Work Stations (BWSs) during trading sessions and after every three minutes the index value will be refreshed. The construction principle of this index based on Laspeyres method like other two CSE indices, CSE All Share Price Index and CSE-30 Index. It may be mentioned here that the base value of these two indices was also set to 1000 with a base date 30th December 1999. The current values (as on 11th Feruary 2004) of CSE All Share Price Index and CSE-30 Index are 1601. 4 and 1483. 60 respectively. IDLC Index While selecting the stocks to include in IDLC-50, a number of factors are considered: financial health of the company, regular trading in the market, investment risk, amount of investable shares, number of outstanding shares, price sensitiveness, price risk etc. IDLC-50 follows globally accepted methodology to include or exclude any stock in the index. As a result, IDLC-50 always represents fundamentally strong companies. This index is constructed following â€Å"Float Adjusted IV|arket Capitalization Weighted† methodology.This methodology is used for the first time to generate a capital market index in Bangladesh. (more on this below) The performance of a stock market is affected by the price movement of the publicly traded shares (floated shares), rather than all outstanding shares. In our capital market, float is an important factor; because for many listed companies, a small portion of shares is publicly traded. So, to accurately measure the performance of the market segment comprising the selected 50 stocks, it is necessary to perform the index calculation by adjusting the number of publicly traded shares.This is called float adjustment. IDLC-50 is float-adjusted, and thus can represent the market more accurately. IDLC-50 will track the performance of 50 stocks traded in DSE and CSE. Existing indexes include either too many or too few shares. IDLC-50 contains an optimum number of shares and incorporates the most relevant set of information required by rational investors. By containing appropriate number of liquid shares, IDLC-50 can be used to measure performance of professionally managed portfolios including mutual funds, discretionary portfolio accounts etc.Active investment in stock markets may not be advisable or feasible for individuals with lower investable wealth and risk tolerance. IDLC-50 may be used by individuals as an indicative tool for pursuing index-based investment strategy. In future, Mutual Funds, Index Futures, Exchange Traded Funds can be launched based on this index. Such instruments are widely used in major stock markets of the world. IDLC-50 can be a reliable performance indicator for the listed companies. The listed companies would be able to compare their financial health with the help of IDLC-50.One of the most challenging jobs for an accurate index is to maintain consistency. For IDLC-50, we follow standard practices of globally accepted indexes for proper adjustment. It ensures that replacement of stocks in Index, additional issue of capital etc. do not destroy the historical value of the index. An index committee has been formed to conduct and monitor the overall operations of the index. The IDLC-50 Index Committee comprises capital market experts, fund managers market participants and senior officials from IDLC and Alif Assets. The index committee will perform the following core responsibilities: Selecting stocks based on fundamental characteristics, monitoring index operation activity, reviewing the methodology and of the index. IDLC-50 follows internationally accepted methodologies recognized indexes. are selected based on the following indicators. o Public Float (Public portion of outstanding share) o Market Capitalization o Liquidity/Turnover o Sector representation o Price to Earning o A and N category o Average Market Risk (Standard deviation) etc. and is generated by algorithm of globally The following formula is applied to calculate the value of IDLC-50: Market Capitalization Today/ Market capitalization on base date) X Base Index value While calculating the market capitalization, IDLC-50 considers the public-traded portion of the outstanding shares. Stock market indices differ from one another basically in their sampling and/or weighting methods Sampling method: There are some market indices that a re composed of all stocks listed in a market, e. g. , the American Stock Market Index and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange All-Ordinaries Index. In general, an index based on a larger percentage of the total number of listed stocks will be more representative that one based on a smaller percentage.Although an index that consists of all listed stocks can be considered as more representative, a number of stocks may have very few transactions, the quoted price of these stocks may not reflect their true market value. An index may still be highly representative even if it consists of only a relatively small percentage of the total number of stocks. Here, the sample selection process plays an important role. Most of well-known stock market indices of the major stock markets in developed countries are still considered as highly representative since their constituent stocks comprise a high percentage of total value of the market.For example, the Hang Seng Index (Hong Kong) is composed of 33 constituent stocks comprising approximately 70% of tota l value. FOX index (Finland) is composed of 25 most traded shares which is correspond to roughly 80% of the total market value and ATX 50 (Australia) comprises 84% of the capitalization and 97% of the turnover of all Australian stocks. Weighting method: Value-weighted method may be considered as a most appropriate method than others. For a value-weighted index, the weight of each constituent stock is proportional to its market share in terms of capitalization.We can assume that the amount of money invested in each of the constituent stocks is proportional to its percentage of the total value of all constituent stocks. Examples include all major stock market indices of Hong Kong, London and many others. ———————– ASSIGNMENT ON Done By: Minakshi Chakraborty Id No. 55 BBA, 13th Batch Department of Banking University of Dhaka Done For: Mr. Hasibul Alam Chawdhory Lecturer Department of Banking University of Dhaka STOCK MARKET INDEX How to cite Index Methodology of Dse, Papers

Padre Island free essay sample

You might have heard of South Padre Island or perhaps heard of Padre Island, but who is the Padre, and what connection does he have with the island? Padre Island got its name from Jose Nicolas Balli a Catholic priest from Spain who owned it for nearly thirty years. Padre is a word defined as a traditional form of address for Catholic priests. After being granted the island by King Carlos III Padre Balli established a ranch on this island raising over one thousand longhorn cattle, horses’ mules and sheep with his nephew Juan Jose Balli as foreman by his side. Aside from ranch raising Padre Balli also established cathedrals and missions to Christianize the Karankawa Indians and to serve the people who worked on the ranch. In 1821 Mexico won their Independence from Spain. During the revolution all of Padre Balli’s letters and exclusive right documents that gave him title to the island were lost or destroyed. We will write a custom essay sample on Padre Island or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, Padre Balli had to reapply this time to the Mexican government to confirm the titles of the island to him, only now he names his nephew Juan Jose Balli as partner. His request was granted December 1829. However, Padre Balli had died on April 15, 1829, eight months before his petition was approved due to a rupture cerebral artery. His nephew Juan Jose Balli continued to operate the ranch with his family. The saga started around 1938 when Gilbert Kerlin a graduate fresh out of Harvard law school was given a task that would change the course of history for the Balli’s. Mr. Kerlin arrived in South Texas with the instruction from his uncle, Frederic Gilbert, to purchase the barren stretch of sand that has since become a popular Texas beach Resort. It was then, when Mr. Kerlin received a tip that it may be possible to purchase the land from the Balli’s. He came across an individual by the name of Primotivo Balli who did not speak any English but was paid $750 to sketch out a family tree and to assist in rounding up the signatures of the island heirs. It was called to mind that the Padre Island heirs carefully copied down their addresses, and waited for a check that they were promised. In doing so Mr. Kerlin promised that he will give the Balli’s money from all the royalties and minerals that is hiding beneath the island, but Kerlin never handed the money over nor was he ever seen again by the Balli’s. Meanwhile, Kerlin leased drilling rights to Padre Island and sold its sandy surface to developers. While Mr. Kerlin was earning millions the Balli’s struggled to make ends meet. Kerlin walked away with 61,000 acres and the Laguna Madre which is a band of water between the island and the mainland. For many decades the Balli’s have tried to get back what was rightfully theirs to begin with. Kerlin never came through on his promise to the Balli’s. The Balli’s have their theories as to why so many different lawyers all of the sudden would stop representing them. The Balli’s believe that Kerlin would pay the lawyers off so a trial would not take place. Of course there was no proof of this, however, it was always very coincidental how the lawyers would back out and not represent the Balli’s as it would get closer to trial time. Finally, in 1983 a San Francisco attorney Melvin Belli told Fred Balli of Ponca City, Okla. hat he was very interested in the case and wants to send them documents related to their claim. It is now year 2000 and descendants of the early owners of Padre Island gathered in the courtroom waiting for justice to be served. This long awaited lawsuit will determine whether or not they were scammed out of their land and riches. When Gilber kerlin now a 90-year-old retired lawyer took the stand he defended his decision not to give the Balli heirs any shares of the mineral royalties after his 1938 purchase. Kerlin stated on the stand, â€Å"The Balli’s did not own Padre Island when they sold it. Kerlin was speaking of when Santiago Morales bought the land form Juan Jose Balli, but what Kerlin did not know is that Morales suffered from buyer’s remorse and sold the land back to Juan Jose Balli, and there is documentation that can prove this fact. After many days of deliberation the jurors awarded the heirs $1. 2 million in lost property and oil royalties. The juror also found that Kerlin owes decade’s worth of income to about 300 Balli descendants for fraud and conspiracy. The battle is won but the war has just begun. Even though the jury’s verdict was in favor for the Balli’s this is just the first step in the final process of winning a lawsuit. Kerlin can very well appeal the decision and ony until that solution is exhausted nothing will be paid out to the family. After winning the decision in 2000 now it is five years later, and the time limitation of an appeal is over. It seems like a deja vu back in the Brownsville courtroom waiting for the jurors to release their decision. Waiting anxiously, in the courtroom filled with over 300 descendents of Padre Nicolas Balli. The Texas appeals court has upheld a decision to award mineral royalties from land on Padre Island to the balli heir compensation exceeding $50 million. At first glance it seemed that this battle to get the land back was unwinnable, but as the truth comes out the Balii’s won the war by simply out gunning their enemy with evidence proving that the Balli’s are the rightful owners to Padre Island. Throughout the trials and tribulations history had been made and the Balli’s were very happy that the courts had ruled in their favor. The Balli’s knew all along what the truth was and was glad others saw it too. This popular vacation spot has so much history behind it that no one ever thinks about what this island was really meant for or what went someone went through to get back what was taken from them. It is an honor to have met and known my wife’s grandfather Fred Balli the sixth generation Balli and was the last living heir of Padre Island. It is a privilege to know firsthand the Balli family and share in their successes with the sixty five year trial that was long overdue. My wife’s family is Balli and to hear the stories about Padre Island from Trudy Balli Morin a seventh generation Balli and the daughter of Fred Balli that at one point was a paradise lost, but then returned to its rightful owners is unbelievable. I leave you with this the ending of the chant that made history possible. â€Å"Across the valley, and across the sea, the bells will ring, Viva Balli! † Work cited Balli, Cecilia. Return to Padre. Texas Monthly Jan. 2001: 99+. Web Balli Morin Trudy â€Å"Who is Padre Balli and What Connection Does He Have with you? Personal interview. 28 Nov. 2012 .

9 Professional Lessons from Donald Trump

9 Professional Lessons from Donald Trump Hate him or love him, Donald Trump has proved to be an†¦ummm, colorful addition to the 2016 presidential race. But long before he was wearing those Make Donald Trump Again hats, he was a go-to resource for flashy business entrepreneurtainment. Now, we’re not recommending a full on Trump-ification of your professional life, but here are some things we’ve learned from him (even if it’s what not to do) that could be applied to our own careers.1. Never let them forget your name.via Richard Bravo2. How ’bout a little flash?via Wikipedia3. Try new things.4. Be ready for the unexpected.5. Don’t take your job for granted.6. Don’t hate the player, hate the game.(Unless you do hate the player- in which case don’t go on a Twitter tirade against said player.)via BoardGameGeek7. Sometimes you just need a break.8. You’re not here to make friends.9. It ain’t over ‘til it’s over.via AmazonOh, and this goes without sayin g. Don’t sell steaks at sharper image. You will fail. Period.

3 Functions of the Comma

3 Functions of the Comma 3 Functions of the Comma 3 Functions of the Comma By Mark Nichol The general purpose of a comma is to separate closely related but distinct elements in a sentence. Discussion of three specific functions of the comma follows: 1. Place Names and Dates A pair of commas sets a more widely encompassing place name off from the more specific designation of a place within the other location, as in â€Å"She was born in Pensacola, Florida, in 1980.† Likewise, a reference to a year is set off from the rest of the sentence when it follows a reference to a month and day (but not to the month alone), as in â€Å"She was born on January 1, 1980, in Pensacola† (but â€Å"She was born in January 1980 in Pensacola†). When the items in a list of locations require internal commas, the items should be set off by semicolons: â€Å"I’ve participated in events with him in Kansas City, Missouri; Rapid City, South Dakota; and Oak Park, Illinois.† However, if only one of the items requires an internal comma, place it last in the series and rely on commas to distinguish the items: â€Å"I’ve participated in events with him in New York City, San Francisco, and Bloomington, Indiana.† But if such a list requires a scheme of priority, such as chronological or geographical order, retain semicolons: â€Å"I’ve participated in events with him in Bloomington, Indiana; San Francisco; and New York City.† Alternatively, for the sake of simplicity, set the more complex item apart from the simpler ones: â€Å"I’ve participated in events with him in San Francisco and New York City, as well as in Bloomington, Indiana.†) 2. Examples and Definitions Words or phrases that identify a preceding or following example or definition, or that constitute a definition or explanation, should be framed in commas, as in these examples: â€Å"The series features mysteries, thrillers, etc., presented throughout the summer.† â€Å"I would, for example, clean the gasket before attaching it.† â€Å"They then established a cache, or a hiding place, for their supplies.† For clarity, however, it’s sometimes best to set off a preceding abbreviation, word, or phrase between em dashes (or parentheses), as shown in this example: â€Å"I like books in the action genres i.e., stories with chase scenes, gunfights, and so on though characterization and plot are also important to me.† 3. Direct Address When a writer or speaker directs a descriptive word or phrase for one or more readers or audience members to that target, the description is set off from the rest of the statement. â€Å"Hi, John.† â€Å"Attention, all passengers we will begin boarding procedures soon.† â€Å"I am confident, dear reader, that when you have finished this story, you will agree with me.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Loan, Lend, Loaned, Lent50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans)

Advertising and public relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Advertising and public relations - Essay Example In relation to the present global business environment, it can frequently be observed that marketing activities along with Public Relations (PR) are concurrently deemed as a major focused area. In relation to the various observations from different scholars, it can be said that PR is one of the major, effective as well as versatile tools of marketing communication which enables to enhance the efficiency of each marketing activity. It can be executed both in the internal as well as in the external environment of the organisation. According to the present day context, advertising can be regarded as one of the major marketing activities, which frequently involves various functions of PR. It is increasingly observed that the organisations in the present business environment have become quite prone to face different PR related issues in terms of executing campaigns for their products within the global markets (Zerfass & Duhring, 2012). Emphasising upon the major influence or impact of PR in the advertising and other product campaign activities, the main objective of this report is to discuss an issue which was raised by Greenpeace with the aid of a PR campaign against Nestle. The product which had been focused upon in the PR campaign was Kit Kat, a leading product offering of Nestle. The assault on the established brand of Kit Kat occurred in the year 2010 (Greenpeace, n.d.). Consequently, based on the assessment of the situation faced by Nestle (especially Kit Kat brand) due to the PR campaign, the discussion of this report will be focused on developing an effective PR strategy which can enable Kit Kat to efficiently address different PR concerning issues. Moreover, the discussion in this report will further focus on developing methods of evaluating the PR plan for Kit Kat in the respective area or market. Situational Analysis In relation to the PR issue that was faced by Kit Kat, a globally well-known product of Nestle, it has been observed that Greenpeace, an org anisation which acted as a pressure group, depicted the rather dismal state of affairs which was surrounding behind the gleam and shine of a widely preferred product such as Kit Kat (Shreeves, 2010). Through the dynamic PR campaign, Greenpeace wanted to depict that Kit Kat, a renowned product of Nestle family includes a higher usage of palm oil which is generally derived from Indonesian rain forests, resulting in significant deforestation. The extensive use of palm oil by the company has been significantly threatening the livelihood of the local people in places such as Indonesia as well as it is also drastically endangering inhabitants such as orang-utan towards destruction (Guardian News and Media Limited, 2013). In this regard, the extensive use of palm oil or continuous deforestation initiatives of Nestle has been criticised by Greenpeace. Therefore, in order to take immediate measures towards the deforestation initiatives, Nestle has developed its business plan which ensures to take away the suppliers or companies from its supply chain that are likely to practice deforestation (Greenpeace, n.d.). Greenpeace can be considered as one of the major non-profit organisations, which tends to protect natural environment from a range of organisational activities. Greenpeace is considerably focusing on alleviating numerous issues with regard to different environmental concerns that include global

Primary Research Paper on the Canterbury Tales and Their Historical

Primary on the Canterbury Tales and Their Historical References - Research Paper Example onal accounts, designed to pass the time on the journey but real people, including authors and kings, and real places such as Flanders, France and of course Canterbury, and a few significant events are mentioned which allow us to fix the work in its time and place. In addition to those verifiable details, it is possible also to read between the lines and see how many of the stories do in fact link to actual historical events, even though they do it through indirect means such as parody or allegory. The choice of Canterbury is significant, and the destination of the pilgrims points to the historical figure of Archbishop of Thomas Becket (1118-1170) who was killed on the orders of King Henry II, largely for resisting royal influence on Church affairs. Tensions between Church and State are a feature of the fourteenth century, and this pilgrimage is dedicated to his memory. One major event in the history of that period casts its shadow on the work: a pandemic of bubonic plague, often called pestilence or â€Å"The Black Death† which raged across Europe in 1348-1349 and killed a third of the population of Europe. Chaucer was born around 1340 and so his memory of this would be a factor in his world view, and certainly he witnessed the devastating effects of the plague on the people around him. The Pardoner’s Tale, the Summoner’s Tale and the Physician’s Tale all speak of disfiguring illnesses and fear of death via this means was a very real fact of life in that time for all those who survived the pandemic. One consequence of the decimation of the population was a sudden change in the economic conditions of the time and even more significantly a re-adjustment of the social structures. The beginning of the century saw periods of over-population and famine, where the landed gentry controlled all the resources but the Black Death changed all that : â€Å"The plague shifted the balance of power dramatically and hastened the end of feudalism as a social and economic

Ethical Issues Qualitative Research On Internet Communities Media Essay

Ethical Issues Qualitative Research On Internet Communities Media Essay Ethics are always considered in conducting social research. Ethic is a set of principles, moral duties and obligations that guides the conduct of people (American Correctional Health Services Association, 2010). For social research, ethical is to conform to the standards of conduct of a given profession or group (Babbie 2007, p62). Generally, there are four ethical principles should be concerned in conducting social research including no harm to participants, informed consent, voluntary participation, and privacy and confidential. Here, Qualitative research into internet communities has created new ethical issue of informed consent. Informed consent means that subjects must base their voluntary participation in research projects on a full understanding of the possible risks involved, (Babbie, p64). In fact, the research on internet communities has led to a violation of this principle. Internet communities such as discussion boards, mailing lists, chat rooms, or newsgroups, provide rich information about peoples opinion or daily experiences. It is useful for researchers to obtain relevant data, such as some patient self support communities sharing their personal experiences. Researchers can access to those communities for acquiring information and observation. However, it brings a problem that some internet communities members do not want to be the research subjects and being monitored. Researchers might be intruders and damage the communities. Here, members are not the voluntary participants. Then, informed co nsent here may not work. Besides, there is also harm to research subjects on the internet communities when researchers are interested in insight research. For example, some of the members on Breast Cancer Mailing List claim that they do not want to be observed. When researchers are gaining insight personal experience about the breast cancer patients, it can recall their negative memories which lead distress to them. And the second main ethical issue is that there is a risk of disclosing to the privacy and confidentiality of internet communities member. Privacy and confidential is about the researcher can identify a given persons responses but promises not to do so publicly (Babbie 2007, p65). Since internet contains many of powerful search engines such as Google, it can search anything a user wants. For example, when the authors search for the Dejanews archive to find comments of newsgroup participants responding to researchers requests, it can show many of related messages. Another issue on privacy and confidentiality is that there could be various pitfalls for researchers. Particularly researchers may unintentionally violate the privacy of some members due to the blur spaces of internet. For example, even if researchers remove any personal information about research subjects, they may also breach the participants confidentiality due to the power of search engines. Thus, privacy and confidential on internet community is difficult to achieved. Words: 482 The authors distinguish three different types of research into internet communities. Summarise them in your own words. (400 words) Generally, the three types of research methods may include the passive analysis, active analysis, and identifying themselves as such and gathering information in the form of using internet. First, the first type is the passive analysis which the researchers would not actively participate in the online study. However, they would focus on the studies of information patterns on websites, interactions on discussion groups through observation. They may analysis those studies about helping mechanisms, and content of online self help groups for some patients like colorectal cancer, breast cancer, Alzheimers disease, and eating disorders. Second is the active analysis which is the researchers would participant in such internet communications. That means researchers try to be a participant to communicate with others. For instance, researchers would determine whether the responses to healthcare questions on the Usenet accurate or not. And the third type is that researchers would identify themselves as and gather information by using different forms of online methods. They may include online semi structured interview, online focus groups, or internet based surveys or use the internet to recruit participant for traditional research. Therefore, it is a more diverse way for researchers to use. Words: 213 Research into Internet communities blur the boundaries between public and private space. Describe the issues identified in the article. (400 words) In the article, it stated there is a difficulty to dichotomize the boundaries between public and private space appropriately during the process obtaining an informed consent from research subjects. In fact, research into internet communities is quite different to the traditional research for obtaining informed consent. Traditionally, informed consent is required when the research is occurred in a private context where individuals are expected there is no observation or reporting is taking place. If it is a public space, the research about natural observation is acceptable without obtaining consent from those subjects. And it does not require Research Ethics Board to review when the research is about observation, as it can be expected participants are seeking public visibility. Therefore, it has more clear boundaries between public and private space. However, research into internet communities may blur such boundaries as people participate in online discussion groups cannot be assumed to be seeking public visibility. And there are various ways of defining public or private space from researchers and internet communities users. Here, some issues are identified which relate to how to perceive the level of privacy in internet communities. Firstly, it noted that most of the subscribers are likely to see the group as a private space in cyberspace when a subscription or some form of registration is required to access a discussion group. Therefore, when there is a registration in that internet community, it is a private space. Secondly, it is pointed out the numbers of (real or assumed) users of a community determines how a public is. The public space is perceived to be a posting to mailing lists with 10 subscribers here is different 100 or 1000 subscribers in mailing lists. However, the problem now is that it is impossible to determine the actual or assumed users when sending messages as some messages may store in web accessible archives. Therefore, using the number of determining the space is public or not may cause the blur of boundaries. Finally, the perception of privacy sometimes is depended on an individual groups norms and codes, target audience, and aim may lay down in the frequently asked questions or information files of internet communities. In this way, it is firstly not easy for researcher to distinguish whether it is a private or public space. More importantly, researchers cannot access to those individual groups as they have set some norms and policies which not allow them to observe those subjects even researchers interested in. For example, a self support group of sexual abuse survivors has a group policy not allow those who were not sexual abuse survivors participating in. On the whole, research into internet communities blurs the boundaries between public and private space where it is difficult to determine these two spaces appropriately. The article mainly identified some issues about the level of privacy or the types into internet communities are various. Words: 480 Using an example of an internet community familiar to you, how might informed consent be obtained to study that community and discuss any problems in the methods you suggest? (800 words) Internet communities provide conveniences and rich information for qualitative research. However, how informed consent might be obtained is a problem that researchers encounter. Here, an example of internet community will be used to show the method of obtaining informed consent. And also discuss the problem may rise. One of the internet communities I familiar to is the discussion board from Facebook. It can connect many of different self support groups. Particularly, an example of support group that I know is the SoulTalk which has established within Facebook. SoulTalk is a non-profit organization with website and discussion board in Facebook. It provides professional, personalized care, support and resources for women share with emotional or relationship crisis. In the discussion board, it is a private group which only opens for its members to share emotional and experiences. Moreover, there are professional counselors helping members to solve problems. There are about 20 members within this discussion board, which they share their experiences about emotional problems. For those who are not the members can only view the basic information and no sharing is allowed. For someone who wants to access this discussion board, they can request for join it but should be confirmed by the group administrator. At first, we should register to be a member of Facebook. And then we can be the member of that community. While the researchers want to study this community, they may firstly need to register to Facebook and then wait for the confirmation of this community. Since this discussion board is a private group, it can be expected that all the information and data from the members are confidential, and they are not seeking public visibility. Therefore, informed consent is required to study this online community. First, as suggested by McCleary (2007), getting permission to enter the group from the administrators is necessary when studying that community. Since they know that community better than researchers, therefore, it should be a better way to understand the group norms or standards from that community, and what would be the best way to obtain consent from members. To obtain the permission from the group organizer, the researchers should explain their purposive of the research, and what form of the members data would be analyzed, and how they ensure that there will be no harm to members. Then, when there is a need to analyze the research result by quoting or using the postings of members, it is important to send emails and ask retrospectively each member of informed consent. Informed consent should note the content of consent form should explain the purpose of the research, and provide a description of any reasonably risks or discomforts to the subjects (Frankel and Siang 1999). Also, it should state the extent of members confidentiality of records would be used and maintained. In this way, members may know more about the research and the possible risks to them, thus, it can give members the considerations whether to withdraw or not. For example, to explain the obtained of their data would only be used in report with anonymity. If members are still refused to participate in, there are also alternatives to them withdraw from the analysis of research. Therefore, the ethical principle of obtaining informed consent can be maintained. Moreover, there will be less intrusiv e in this way and avoid the artificial of the stories made by participants. Indeed, the methods bring some problems. First, the method of asking each member of consent is quite time consuming and unmanageable. As said by Eysenbach and Till (2001), the email address may not be valid and some of them would respond to you. Thus, it may cause some troubles where researchers do not know the email is valid or not. And it is quite difficult for researchers to receive all the consent forms and analyze the result. It generally would be a problem of obtaining informed consent. Also, there would be also a problem that it is possible the administrator does not allow to access the discussion group where the researchers are interested in studying that issue. Therefore, it brings disadvantage to researchers. Besides, even if the administrator allows researchers to enter the group, it does not mean that all of other members agree their information is disclosed. Although researchers may try to conform to the ethical principles to obtain members consent, some of the members indeed do not expect and want to be research subjects. They may perceive researchers as intruders as a result of damaging that community. For example, after the members knowing there are researcher lurking on the discussion board, they may decide to leave the community. Therefore, it is a possible problem that this method of informed consent brings out. On the whole, researcher can identify whether the discussion board as a private space from the example because it has stated that the board would open to non-members. So, it is clear for researchers to follow the ethical principles. However, it still brings problems that cannot be solved during the process of obtaining informed consent which the above have stated. More importantly, the deeper problem should be considered is there is no a consistent guideline to define the boundaries between public or private spaces. Therefore, it brings difficulty to researchers when conducting online research particularly the different level of measuring private spaces. Words: 885 Total words: 2060

Plastic Money Essay

The study assesses the impact of outsourcing on organisational performance and it is done in Century Bottling Company Limited. It focuses on the benefits and challenges companies face in outsourcing their non-core activities. The study uses the objective of assessing the impact of outsourcing on organisational performance to get data presented in the findings. These show that companies benefit from outsourcing though they face some challenges in their bid to outsource their non-core activities to outside providers. Organisations always prefer letting specialists in different fields accomplish certain tasks in their companies and this means that organisations can benefit from outsourcing as shown in the Literature Review The Data was collected and then analysed to fit the purpose of the study though with several limitations ranging from financial constraints to time constraints. see more:types of plastic money The findings show that companies outsource to access special expertise, speed up delivery of services, reduce costs and get  enough time to concentrate on their core activities. In the long run companies have benefited from outsourcing in several ways like reduction in costs and company staff getting enough time to concentrate on their core activities to promote the company`s competitiveness in the market. In conclusion, companies should outsource some of their services so as to reduce costs and concentrate on core activities. This therefore shows how important outsourcing is and other companies should adopt it just like Century Bottling Company has done and get good quality services from experts as well as more time for core activities. CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INRODUCTION. This chapter looks at the background, problem statement, objective, research questions and significance of the study. 1.1Background The rationale to outsource was rooted in the cost constraints facing asset managers as they struggled to survive the bear market. Traditionally, the outsourcing market focused on infrastructure, data operation and cost takeout as primary drivers but in addition enterprises are looking at outsourcing business areas to achieve greater flexibility and gain greater ability to respond easily as outsourcing is evolving into a strategic tool for change. Lysons 2000, says outsourcing developed as a reaction to the over diversification that took place in the 1970’s and early 1980’s and has led many enterprises to review their core and concentrate on them. In Uganda, business processes that were kept inside the firm such as cleaning and transport are increasingly being outsourced to places where costs are cheaper and back-off operations can be provided like in Century Bottling Company Limited, cleaning, security and part of transport have been outsourced to outside providers. Century Bottling Company Limited located at Namanve and it deals in production of soft drinks like sodas in different brand names say, Sprite, Coke, Fanta, Novida, Stoney, Datsan and Minute maid among others. It has a range of activities some of which are core 1  and not outsourced. Those that are considered non-core are outsourced to different service providers. It gets a list of service providers, looks at their terms, kind and quality of services provided and the costs involved. It is from this list that it selects the most favourable to outsource to. For instance, Century Bottling Company outsources activities like part of its transport is given private vendors who have trucks in good mechanical conditions, negotiate the price and terms of service. These pick the products from the company premises and deliver them to the agreed destinations like depots and various customers. Cleaning is also done by A&A for all departments in the company and this gives the employees a good working environment and more time to perform their duties. However, despite outsourcing these activities are still having weaknesses like late deliveries due car mechanical breakdowns and unsatisfactory cleaning which is at times due to personal character of the cleaners and poor supervision. Looking at outsourcing as a way of reducing on the work load of the company staff and giving core activities more time for companies to perform to their best, Century Bottling Company also outsources its non-core activities so as to concentrate on the core activities to improve its performance in important areas like the production department since the quality of a company’s products is very crucial for its performance in the market. In its bid to outsource, Century Bottling Company has not forgotten what outsourcing is all about. This gives a relationship between what outsourcing is and what Century Bottling Company is doing. 1.2 Problem statement Outsourcing is a very crucial function in an organisation because it directly affects the firm’s operational activities. Following the identified problems such as late delivery, poor cleaning, high transportation costs in Century Bottling Company, steps have been taken to solve the problem by bringing trusted and better qualified people to provide the services. Despite the steps taken, the contribution of outsourcing to organisational performance is still low. Therefore, the study is to establish the impact of outsourcing on organisational performance with a  case study of Century Bottling Company. 1.3 Objective of the study. The study aims at assessing the impact of outsourcing on organisational performance. 1.4 Research questions (i) Which activities are out sourced and which are not? (ii) How is outsourcing beneficial to an organisation? (iii)What are the challenges encountered in carrying out outsourcing? 1.5 Scope of the study The study focuses on the procurement department of Century Bottling Company Limited. It establishes the impact of outsourcing on organisational performance and the study covers the procurement staff, user department and providers of different services. The study looks at the outsourced activities, benefits of outsourcing and the challenges in connection with the organisational performance. 1.6 Significance of the study (i) The study will help business managers to minimise losses through minimising costs and creating value for money. (ii) The research CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW. 2.0 Introduction This chapter looks at a review of issues and factors that have been explored and studied in the existing literature on outsourcing and examine the existing gaps. 2.1 The concept of outsourcing. Baily, 1998, many organisations today are turning to external procurement, where we even find that functions such as transport, accounts, computer services, even purchasing can be outsourced. This gives the company employees time to perform their duties to the company’s satisfaction and this improves the organisational performance which is every company’s objective to achieve competitive advantage. Eyaa, 2006, defined outsourcing as a decision by firms to have an external supplier to take over an activity that would have otherwise been performed in-house by organisation employees. Usually organisations look for the best service providers to whom to outsource their  work, this gives them a chance to get their work done by experts which means good quality work leading to a good company name. Lysons and Gillingham, 2003, states that outsourcing is the strategic use of resources to perform activities traditionally handled by internal staff and their resources. It is a management strategy by which an organisation outsources major non-core functions to specialised and efficient service providers to help the organisations perform best where it is best capable. Axelsson and Wynstra, 2000 defines outsourcing as a decision and subsequent transfer process by which activities that constitute a function that earlier have been carried out by a company are instead purchased from an external supplier. Usually companies that provide outsourced services choose what they can do better, this means training their workers to perform to the best of the clients expectations. This means specialisation with all its benefits to organisations. Different Authors like, Bendor, Bona and Lysons suggest that the following activities should not be outsourced or if done it should be done with great management consideration; management of strategic planning, management of finance, management of consultancy, control of supplies Quality and environmental management. The ranges of services that are outsourced are timeless and these include; Waste disposal, research and development, transmission service, estate management, customer brokage, catering, Asset repair and control library and cleaning. Although various organisations have tried to look at what the different Authors have written and put it in consideration in their bid to outsource, they have not fully met their intentions like cost reduction, efficient and effective service provision from the service providers to whom they outsource their activities. This is partly due to the ever increasing prices of products which also mean increase in prices of services being outsourced. 2.2 Cost reductions. Sabiti, 2003, says that, the organisation that outsources is cutting administration cost of maintaining or doing the activity in house, the overriding factor in outsourcing decision is cost cutting, but where as this may make business sense in the beginning, in some cases it 6  could bring complications and put the whole exercise at a high risk if all concerns are not adequately assessed. This means that the outsourcing organisation should not only look at the costs being low but also consider the outcomes of process of outsourcing at the end of everything to the organisation. Manzi, 2004, states that the most common economic factor that influences the decision is the need to reduce costs. Where the benefits analysis has been carried out and has been established that it is most economic to outsource rather than continue to operate a given function looks forward to making profits in business. Kulumba, 2005, states that, outsourcing is a popular phenomenon with managers because they believe that outsourcing vendors are inherently more efficient due to economies of scale. The outsourcing organisation benefits from getting the services from the provider at a reduced cost since it is provided on a large scale and usually for a reasonable time if it is good work. Antonuccci 1998, advised that, if the vendor is efficient than the prospective client, organisations could reduce its own costs through function consideration and resource optimization. Due to experience in the field and knowledgeable experts, it leads to proper and efficient use of resources yet with good quality work. 2.3 Key factors necessary for outsourcing 2.3.1Competence Bourassa 1988, says that organisations should focus on core activities and leave the noncore activities to outside providers who have the skills to do them better. The providers who have all the required competence, skills, and service providers should be of desired level to be able to meet the company requirement. K Farrington, 2006, also shows how important competence is, it is the core activities of the company that tell or manifest the performance of the organisation. These activities need much more time so as to come out at their best and give the company competitive advantage over others. This can be achieved through outsourcing non-core activities and concentrate on its core competence. 2.3.2 Management support Peter Jeans 2008, suggests that when it comes to outsourcing, it should be supported by all departments of the organisation so as to get the best of the benefits of outsourcing in the  organisation. To achieve success, we always have to stand together to share ideas for better organisational performance. Garry Petty, says that any activity in the company done without management consent and support is a manifestation of failure in that activity. This shows how much important management support and involvement is in all company activities outsourcing inclusive. 2.4 Drivers of outsourcing 2.4.1 Quality actual capacity Lysons and Gillingham 2006, state that, it is temporarily insufficient to comply with demand; the quality motive can be subdivided into three aspects, that is to say; Increased quality demand, shortage of qualified personnel and outsourcing as a transitional period. Therefore companies have various reasons for outsourcing their non-core activitie s. 2.4.2 Finance Frankwood and Sangster, according to them, the company has a limited investment budget. The funds must be used for investments in the core activities which are long term decisions and leave non-core activities to outside providers to do them on behalf of the organisation. 2.4.3 Core business Erick Bartz, shows that, Core business is a primary activity that enables an organisation to generate revenues to concentrate on core business activities. All subsequent activities are supportive and should be outsourced to give enough time to the core activities. 2.4.4 Benefits of outsourcing Outsourcing is beneficial in the following ways; 2.6.1 Cost saving This is the lowering of the overall cost of the service to the business. This involves the score defining quality levels, repulsing, renegotiations, cost restructuring, access to lower cost economies through off showing cold labour arbitrage 2.6.2 Specialisation Lysons and Gillingham, say that, Outsourcing allows an organisation to concentrate on areas of business that derive competitive advantage and outsource non core activities to specialist with better skills and expertise. 2.6.3 Access to innovation There are opportunities to have access to capabilities of suppliers into the products and services of the customer organisation rather than attempt to replicate the capabilities of a supply network (www.pwc.com) 9 2.6 Challenges of outsourcing Like any restructuring exercise and management decision making in business, there are risks associated with outsourcing that procurement managers or top management need to consider carefully (Procurement News December,17th,23rd 2003) and these may be; The possibility of over depending on or leveraged by suppliers which make switching costs to other suppliers in future prohibitively expensive. Over a long time, a supplier of outsourced service may become complacent or change ownership and also a risk of a fall in employ morale for fear of being made redundant, confidentiality links of company matters and in some instances loss of intellectual property rights. Eyaa, 2006, says that, high prices being imposed on suppliers due to increasing trends in outsourcing, the demand for suppliers is so high and has pushed the rates being charged by the suppliers to be high. This later increases the costs yet outsourcing is all about helping firms cut costs. Too much expectancy from suppliers as Company employees tend to expect too much from supplier firms as far as service provision is concerned because they are specialists yet things can go wrong once in awhile. Such issues should not be ignored. Manzi, 2005, according to him, there is a possibility that vital company information may be at a risk of being linked to the company’s competitors which is dangerous since some suppliers may be spies to the company. Conclusion. Organisations always want to let specialists in a particular area accomplish a certain task for them. This implies that business can benefit from the practice of outsourcing. 10 Outsourcing is growing at an exponential rate and could deliver desired benefits if proper choices are made at the inception of the arrangement. When companies choose to outsource, they should give themselves room to monitor performance, renegotiation, or terminate the arrangement with the service providers. The outsourcing client must also ensure that their employees are informed about the progress of discussions regarding outsourcing their department and properly treated when the arrangements come into effect. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter provides an over view of the methods used to collect and process data. It gives the research design the sample selection methods, size, and data processing. 3.1 Research Design The study uses both qualitative and descriptive study designs. Both methods are used to help carry out self report data collection from the interested sample and allowing a thorough and easy analysis of the respondents’ opinion. Both survey designs adequately lead to collection of reliable information by description of the impact of outsourcing on organisational performance in the study area. 3.2 Data Collection Methods Data is collected from interviews conducted in Century Bottling Company as well as responses from the questionnaires. Some of it is from secondary sources such as magazines, text books, internet and Newspapers and this is quoted where necessary and used to draw deductions as per the study. 3.3 Data processing and analysis The information is assessed, edited to eliminate the errors, the data is then coded and grouped according to the study to ease analysis, it is then analysed using SPSS. The findings are interpreted in light of the research objective and reviewed in order to attach meaning to the Data collected. 3.4 Limitations of the study i. Financial constraints Relatively a lot of money is required in this study. This involves photocopying of articles, making phone calls, word processing, binding, transport. These increase the cost of the study. ii. Language barrier Questionnaires written in English are only limited to respondents who only know English. This is quite a problem while extracting information from the illiterate respondents. iii. Lack of adequate cooperation Some respondents are busy and others suspicious of the study thereby not willing to fully cooperate. Officials in the procurement department are busy attending to their normal schedules and meetings and had no time to answer some of the questions. This affected the quality and quantity of data collection. iv. There is a threat of time limit and deadlines that need attention considering the fact that the study is carried out alongside other activities like course works, lectures and tests as well. CHAPTER FOUR PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS 4.0 Introduction. This chapter presents findings from literature review, primary data from the interview and questionnaires filled by Century Bottling Company staff. The study is guided by the objective of assessing the impact of outsourcing on organisational performance. 4.1 Relevance of outsourcing. To Century Bottling Company, outsourcing is relevant in different ways, say, it easies the working process, it is cost saving and provides more time to the employees to concentrate on the core activities. This helps the company to keep in business with competitors in the industry as lack of concentration may have a very big impact on the company’s performance and customers may be taken. Century Bottling Company outsources its non core activities leaving the core activities to their staff. In Century Bottling Company, all core activities such as the, production of all their products, the cooler department, the ware house, managerial staff recruitment, among others have not been outsourced for reasons like protecting the quality of the company’s product, protect company secrets and records. However, non core activities have been outsourced to outside providers who have more expertise and these include the following; Medical services to staff are provided by International Medical Centre which renders medical services to the staff whenever they need it. Cleaning services in all departments of the company is done by A&A cleaning services Motor vehicle repair and servicing is done by City Tyres Company Limited to the company cars. Security services are provided by Saraceen security services limited. Part of the transport of the company’s products is done by individuals with trucks that are in conditions good enough to deliver company products to the various destinations. Catering services are  provided by Sunset Hotel where staff is able to get their meals in time and get back to their duties in time. The other findings indicate that outsourcing is a manifestation of hurdles that are associated with the functionality of internal departments. This is because some senior organisation executives have a feeling that there is no return on expenditure, in sourcing does not meet the needs of the business and forecasted games in productivity that are used to justify that never materializes. As a result of this perception, top executives find outsourcing more relevant as a means of cost saving and focusing on their core business activities. 4.2 Nature of organisational performance Century Bottling Company considers outsourcing of non core activities as the best option. It looks at identifying potential providers, establishing both short term and long term relationship with the service providers without compromising the objectives of the organisation as a way of having good organisational performance through outsourcing. 15 This is because the services that have been outsourced are also important to the organisation as well as its performance in the long run. 4.3 Whether outsourcing improves organisational performance It is seen that the impact of outsourcing on the performance of an organization depends on which stake holder is making the analysis. In Century Bottling Company, many of the non core activities are outsourced in order to give the organisation ample time to concentrate on core activities such as production and the cooler department. Looking at the way activities were done before outsourcing, for instance, in the transport department, it was at times hard to deliver company products to the customers in time more especially the ones in the remote areas, but with the idea of outsourcing part of transportation to capable individuals, such customers have been catered for as they are now able to get what they need in time. This promotes customer loyalty and creates a good company image leading to competitive advantage. This indicates an improvement in organisational performance through the transport department. Source: primary data. Table 1 above indicates that, majority of the people are degree holders. This implies that the company is in position of making good decisions about outsourcing. 4.4 Conclusion Century Bottling Company carries out outsourcing to gain access to special expertise, to speed up delivery of services, reduce costs, focus on core activities and improve technology among others. Since the inception of the concept of outsourcing, organisations find outsourcing as the preferred method of procuring non core services and enjoy benefits of outsourcing by concentrating on core activities thus improved management performance CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.0 Introduction. This chapter looks at the summary of the findings, conclusions and recommendations drawn from the study. 5.1 Summary Basing on the case study of Century Bottling Company and other literature by various authors, it is believed that organisations outsource services that are noncore to the organisation. It is established that outsourcing has a long term as well as short term bearing on the organisation. The study establishes why organizations outsource many of their non core activities. This is seen by analyzing and discussing the literature review and the interview conducted in Century Bottling Company 5.2 Conclusions Basing on the study above, it is clear that outsourcing positively increases on the performance of organisations, that is to say, it reduces on costs, increase access to new technology, new expertise, core competence concentration, speed up delivery and increase revenue / profits. Therefore, the rate of organisational performance as a result of outsourcing is high in both short and long- term and many business executives are committed to attach their success to the outsourcing process. In the previous chapter, we find that to a greater extent, outsourcing is very relevant Century Bottling Company, however, it is not in order to judge outsourcing as trouble free since it is associated with some calamitous results and firms need time to apply clear outsourcing methodolo gies in order to realize its full usefulness. 5.3 Recommendations Organisations should outsource their noncore business to outside providers that can bring great competitiveness. This is because outsourcing gives company staff more time to concentrate on core competences to produce better quality products and outcompete their competitors in the market hence a competitive advantage. Organisations should establish a partnership with the service providers to establish tools to measure the performance where organisational requirements should be matched with the implementation process through identifying new skills, abilities and knowledge for each project, thus, encourage organisations to obtain front-edge outsourcing. The choices are many for service outsourcing as well as their providers, therefore, this puts organisation on attention to strategically assess their partners. Organisations should not only consider cost reduction and base on low prices and big players to fill their requirements, but should also emphasize the type of relationship and the trend of behaviour between the outsourcing organization and the service providers. Organisations should come up with clear acknowledgement on whether the provider will be able to respond reasonably to the expectations and frequent changes in business and technology requirements to ensure continuity in service provision. For organisations to measure outsourcing effectiveness as regards performance, they should put in place a standard format of measuring performance such as performance evaluation, performance ratios and performance appraisal such that the success from outsourcing g management point of view is the same as what clients deem to be success. 5.4 Areas for further research Opportunities for further research still exist in this area. The study examines outsourcing and its impact on the performance of